Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Health Administarion - Essay Example There are several determinants of what to measure in an organization. One of the determinants is the goals and objectives set for the organization. The aim of the organization from its inception lies in the goals and objectives. In order to therefore determine if the aim is being fulfilled, measurement of the performance against the set goals and objectives is necessary (Hannabarger, Buchman and Economy, 209). Other determinant is the strength and weaknesses of the organization. These are important in determining measurement because they reflect the true nature and state (financial or otherwise) and measurement of these will point the organization to its next direction and steps. Additionally, the threats being faced by the organization are also determinants of measurement if the organization is succeed in future. Finally, the specified mission and vision of the organization also act as effective determinants of performance measurement. This is because they involve the future of the organization and its success or failure. The mission and vision are what give the organization a brand name and distinguishes it from its competitors and it is therefore necessary to measure whether that is still the truth (Hannabarger, Buchman and Economy,

Negligence of Tort Essay Example for Free

Negligence of Tort Essay DEFINITIONS: In common law jurisdictions, tort is a civil wrong although in certain circumstances it is also treated as a criminal case e.g. in cases of assault. It is recognized legally as a basis for an action of a lawsuit. TORT: In common law jurisdictions, tort is a civil wrong although in certain circumstances it is also treated as a criminal case e.g. in cases of assault. It is recognized legally as a basis for an action of a lawsuit. Torts are considered under the law of obligations. Duties imposed under tort law are considered mandatory for all citizens unlike voluntary obligations imposed under contracts. If a person commits a tortuous act, he/ she are legally a Tortfeasor. Tortiuos acts include breach of duties imposed under statutory laws, causing bodily harm to other people, property, or infringing on another’s legal rights.for there to be a case under tort NEGLIGENCE: This is a legal concept that is usually used to acquire compensation for injuries suffered or accidents met. It is a civil wrong actionable under tort law. Negligence involves behaving in a manner that lacks the legality of protecting other people against foreseeable risks. Under common law for there to be a case under negligence then the following elements must be satisfied. * Duty of care * Breach of the duty EXAMPLES: Experience Of Harm Arising From That Breach. Donoghue V. Stevenson A case of tort on negligence is only successful if the following five elements are met. Firstly, a duty of care must be evident. Donoghue v. Stevenson. Given this fact, we also need to know whether the consequences of  the defendants act were reasonably foreseen. In case of the family friendly fishing company and Neil, they are legally liable for the immediate harm caused to June and Gina. Kent v Griffiths In the case of jack versus the Gosford hospital, jack has no legal case against the hospital since the emergency landing that arose was not reasonably foreseen. Topp v London Country Bus Ltd In addition to this, Gina and June have a legal case against the family friendly fishing company since there was legal proximity of relationship through the contract of hiring the boat. Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club June and Gina have action against Neil and the family friendly fishing. This is because the company and Neil are professionals in this field and yet they breached the duty they are entailed to do. Bolam v Friern Barnet Hospital June has no case against Grosford hospital since the process through which she lost her arm is normal since it does happen. In addition, the hospital done the best it could to help her and thus they cannot be accused of negligence. The Mickey family and the Grosford hospital could all sue the family friendly fishing for damages. However in mitigation the company could claim that there were multiple causes for the injuries suffered, Wilsher v Essex AHA On the issue of Gina and June the company could claim that the presence of the rare fish on the new south Wales coast was not a common thing and thus the fish could be a contributory factor for June and Gina’s accident. On the issue of the Grosford hospital, the family friendly fishing could claim that the helicopter taking an emergency landing could have been a contributory factor to factor to Junes loss of her hand. Jack may have a legally binding case against the Grosford hospital. Although this is, the case jack would end up losing at the end. This is because firstly there was no relationship of proximity either legal or  physical between the incidents that triggered his condition. Caparo v Dickman .In addition, the hospital could claim vicarious liability since at the time of the incident the hospital was on an external mission at the request of the family friendly fishing company. Although Neil is liable for June and Gina’s initial accidents he is well protected by law. Although June and Gina have a case against Neil, Neil could claim protection under the vicarious liability clause. The vicarious liability refers to the notion that a person can and do become responsible or liable for other people’s liabilities because there exist a legally acceptable relationship. Such relationships might include parent-child relationship, or an employer-employee relationship. In this case, the family friendly fishing could be held liable for Neils liabilities since they are the employers. Between the concerned parties, the most liable party is the family friendly fishing company. This is because all the parties concerned in the melee can all sue the family friendly fishing company. This is because the company’s negligent actions are the reason why each involved party is at a loss. The company should prepare itself for lawsuit and the family friendly fishing company should brace itself, to be legally prepared to pay special damages, general damages as well as punitive damages. On top of this, the company should also be prepared for the courts to issue an injunction against them if it is deemed necessary. CONCLUSION: The five elements of negligence should be recognizable under tort law. However, as professor Robertson of Texas University has noted the five elements needs to be kept separate, this is because in practice there arises lots of conceptual mistakes or confusions. The use of vicarious liability as a defense against a case of law on tort of negligence has widely been disputed over its rationale. Many scholars have argued that the use of vicarious liability is only intended to find legally  a more solvent defendant. In a legal perspective, the family friendly fishing company is supposed to pay special and general damages to Gina and June. This is because the company has caused the two irreparable damage because of its own negligent activities. Damages awarded are usually compensatory but not punitive in nature. For the sake of the family friendly fishing company, the damages it would have to pay would most probably include a punitive element. The punitive element would arise if the employee, Neil would declare that indeed he had asked the company to change the boats gear, although the company declined. This refusal of the company to use standard tools for profiteering reasons would be termed as an act of maliciousness or acting in an callously indifferent way.

Nomenclature Dance and Stumble :: Literary Analysis, Lisa Moss

The intention of Lisa Moss's poem "Nomenclature Dance and Stumble" is to state that a person must formulate their own completely original ideas, as the ones they speak are already mundane and primitive. Using the passage "like geometric blocks of breath and cheek | and out into constructed strands" (Moss, line 6-7) Moss emphasizes the importance of being able to create free flowing speech and intelligible sentences that will capture the attention of anyone it is directed to. The clever utilization of parentheses by Lisa Moss in "where choosing comes and, with a bent stick, lines drawn | thin in the stained earth | (so thin that passing feet obliterate one end as the other | is drawn)" (Moss, line 10-13) portrays the juxtaposition of one's verbal speech with their spoken thoughts, encapsulated in parentheses, to show how spoken thoughts are worthless as they do not leave a real mark. The "passing feet" (Moss, line 12) symbolizes the tendency for people to tread upon the idea of others and how they point out the flaws of an idea before it has fully matured, creating repercussions that cause people to second guess themselves the next time a daring idea appears. The negative effect is shown by her passage that "With countless disguised surrenders of the will, | not understanding but acquiescence is made | and these strands are but flags of victory and defeat— | tattered remnants of lost | (not lost, conceded) | destiny | (not destiny, choosing)" (Moss, line 15-21) the person becomes more indecisive when creating thoughts and that you contradict yourself. With the passages "surrenders of will" (Moss, line 15) and "(not lost, conceded) | destiny | (not destiny, choosing)" (Moss, line 19-21) Moss signifies how a person chooses to revise their thoughts away from the original and towards the thoughts of those which are imprinted upon them. This reinforces how she points out the impossibility of creating original ideas instead of recycling the knowledge that we have accumulated over our educational lives. She formulated this poem with ambiguity in mind to ensure that the reader would draw from their own imagination. Moss writes, "But not this one, see? Ah smoothness calm enduring | toward mutation" (Moss, line 23-24) giving the reader a very ambiguous thought to ponder, yet again using their own imagination. "Something wordless and terrifying | soon crushed by a misappropriated sense of understanding since" (Moss, line 24-25) is an example of people trying to interpret the unknown.

Call Of The Wild :: essays research papers

Buck was the loyal companion of Judge Miller. He was a free dog, allowed to go as he pleased throughout the large estate. Buck hunted with Judge’s sons, escorted the girls, even went swimming in the pool, it was the ideal life for a dog and it was soon about to change. It was 1897 and the Klondike strike was luring men to the north. Buck lived in the sunny Santa Clara Valley, a far extreme from the north where he would soon be taken. It all happened when the gardener, trying to settle his dept took Buck for a walk, one that he would not return from. He was transferred form one person to another until he was bought by Perrault. Perrault was a fair and caring Canada Mail carrier. The first days on the sled team where a new experiences for Buck. When his instincts stopped he learned on from his companions. Each dog had to take care of himself as Perrault only had so much time on his hands. If there was one problem it was with his companion Spitz. The two of them where aimed at each others throats from the day they met. It was a constant battle of who was king of the hill, one that would end in the others death. That day came when the team was chasing a rabbit through the woods. Buck was in the lead just inches behind the prey, when Spitz took a shortcut and jumped on Buck. It was a life and death struggle, Buck was bigger, Spitz was skilled. In the End Bucks shear strength prevailed. Once the job was done, Buck was under a new owner. The duty was not to get the fastest time but to pull the most. It was grueling, heavy work each day. The team soon grew tired and slow, it was boring work and Buck hated it. The Driver promised rest as soon as they finished. Unfortunately the government decided to sell tired dogs instead of resting them. The new drivers when Hal and Charles. They where inexperienced gold seekers, and where traveling with a woman. They knew nothing when it came to traveling, packing double what they should have been and wasting time. When the dogs had trouble pulling, Hal bought more instead of lightning the load. The big problem came far into the trip when the ran out of food.

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The year of 1939 was a great year for classical movie lovers. With Gone with the Wind, Mr.. Smith goes to Washington, Withering Heights, and The Wizard of Oz. This year during the Great Depression gave us more classics than most years combined. The Great Depression was one of the mall reasons behind the making of all of these movies; the dark and bleak times needed a getaway, a place to escape to where ones troubles don't matter, the movies were that getaway. On average sixty- one percent of America went to the movies at least once a week, and It Is not very art to believe, looking at the movies from that time.People were enthralled by the new color movies, the first being Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, by Walt Disney which was made two years earlier. It had been a major hit, and MGM wanted to get Into the Lime-light given off by Idleness great success. That Is one of the reasons behind his making of The Wizard of Oz. The Wizard of Oz Is a timeless class ic based off of the popular 1900 children's book written by L. Frank Bum. The book's actual title is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It came from a widely popular hillside's book series based on the fantastical Land of Oz.Some say this story is a parody on the movement started by William Jennings Bryant. He believed in the value of silver, and the importance of the factory workers, and farmers of the industrial revolution. This translated into Bum's books, bringing the name Oz to this land, the abbreviation for ounces, Oz. The witch of the east represents the bankers of the east, ruining lives, and the west was the west coast elite. The good Fairy Glenda of the north, represents the north and the south, The industrial workers of he north, and the farmers of the south. The yellow brick road originates from the gold standard.Dorothy Silver, turned ruby in the film, slippers represent the opportunity, and prosperity and hope behind silver, how if used as a currency America could flourish. The scarecrow represents farmers, they have the conviction, but they couldn't think for themselves being ‘simple-minded'. The Tin Man stands for the Industrial workers, rusted and without conviction; while the Cowardly Lion stands for William Jennings Bryan himself, his roar being loud and heard often, while he had title to nothing political power. The Wizard of Oz, representing the president.Drowning the witch of the west, the Wizard of Oz leaves In a Hot Alarm balloon, leaving the Scarecrow in charge of the great emerald city, which Is translated over to be Washington, and the Tin Man, the west. The greatest new Invention by Walt Disney, the color film, was all the rage. The very first color movie ever had been Snow White and the Seven Dwarves. It was a major hit, Disney had gained popularity with his Short animations, first Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, then with the more well known Mackey mouse, after Oswald had gotten swindled from him by one of his co-workers.MGM wanted to ge t into that popularity, and the major cash involved with making color movies at the time. So he went to find a good director, and a good story. He found that in Victor Fleming, and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. By semimonthlies combined. The Great Depression was one of the main reasons behind the making of where ones troubles don't matter, the movies were that getaway. On average sixty- one percent of America went to the movies at least once a week, and it is not very onto the Lime-light given off by Disney's great success.That is one of the reasons books actual title is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It came from a widely popular but they couldn't think for themselves being ‘simple-minded'. The Tin Man stands for the industrial workers, rusted and without conviction; while the Cowardly Lion stands Drowning the witch of the west, the Wizard of Oz leaves in a Hot Air balloon, leaving the Scarecrow in charge of the great emerald city, which is translated over to be The greatest new i nvention by Walt

Digital Music Increasing Trend

Digital Music Increasing Trend It needs to be said that most of the stores that were opened by music labels have struggled and had to be closed. One of the main reasons for their failure to attract subscribers is the lack of diversity in their music catalogues. They only offered a small range of full-length albums by the artists that have signed to their label, and it have led to numerous problems. It is imperative to understand that the industry has changed dramatically over the last few years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Music Increasing Trend specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People in the modern society want to have the access to everything at once, and those stores were not able to provide it. Individuals that wish to buy music from different artists would have to be subscribed to multiple services at once, and it seemed unreasonable. Apple was able to utilize the strength of its brand to create a store that would be extremely succ essful. The stores that were established by labels, on the other hand, did not have the necessary piracy protection technologies or a trendy product such as an IPod that would help them to attract customers (Sadeghi 2012). Also, labels were not ready for such drastic changes because they have focused mostly on CDs, and other music formats were viewed as a significant threat. It was too late to open such stores at that time. Nowadays, they cannot offer the music only in one place because it will significantly damage the sales of the artists. A dramatic shift towards digital music should have been noticed by record labels, and it would help them to address this problem. They could have cooperated and created a platform with all the available resources that would allow them to dominate the market. A single store similar to Itunes or Amazon Music would have most likely become extremely successful. However, it would not be an easy task because of all the copyright issues that could occur , and it would be extremely hard to change the whole process of distribution. An alternative music format could also be developed, but it is not as easy as it sounds. Also, it can be seen that music albums do not sell as well as they used to be. It would not have been surprising if an artist sold more than one million copies over a period of just one week few years ago. Nowadays, the situation is entirely different. Also, it is highly likely that the sales will continue to decline with increasing popularity of streaming services (Tschmuck 2012). It can be seen that Spotify and Apple Music currently hold leading positions (Burgess 2014). Nowadays, it is not an easy task to get into this business. Tidal is one of the best examples because the service currently struggles to retain subscribers. It offers unique content, and the audio quality is significantly better. However, some of the issues that were present during the launch were viewed as a significant problem by most customers. Al so, it does not have such a huge brand and library of music.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, it is extremely necessary to keep track of trends in the industry to make sure that the company can get an advantage over competitors. New technologies are always developing, and this fact should not be disregarded. Music labels could have addressed current problems if they were able to predict the popularity of digital music. Reference List Burgess, R 2014, The history of music production, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Sadeghi, S 2012, Defensive strategy Apple’s overlooked key to success, Epubli, Berlin, GE. Tschmuck, P 2012, Creativity and innovation in the music industry, Springer Science Business Media, New York, NY.

Better quality foods Essays

Better quality foods Essays Better quality foods Essay Better quality foods Essay Abstraction: Nanotechnology is one hereafter scientific discipline which is considered fruitful to about every industry. It has lead to new merchandise find with cheaper cost and has been more efficient, hence consumers get better value for their money. In the last few old ages Nanotechnology has been used in nutrient industries to bring forth better quality nutrients and in the recent old ages it has taken a large spring which is more complex and advanced to make Smart nutrients, Alteration of DNA in the seeds to bring forth better harvest, Food munition, Smart packing etc to take nutrient industry to a better place than earlier. Apart from its advantages, it has besides been reviewed by assorted critics that usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient materials is non safe for the consumers, but some consider it to be the following coevals nutrient safety tool. To understand what impact and effects would Nanotechnology hold in Food industry, the cardinal facet would be briefing of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, appraisal of Potential deductions in utilizing Nanotechnology in nutrient and looking at the assorted statute laws linked to it. My work is to analyse this state of affairs and compare some of the diaries and research documents holding positive or negative points against usage of Nanotechnology in nutrient industry. I would besides affect few instance surveies which will assist explicate the scenario better giving a more precise reappraisal on this argument. Chapter 2 Literature reappraisal Introduction to Food safety: Food and H2O are the basicss of a human being. Every portion of the universe has its ain characterized nutrient with distinguishable gustatory sensations. But there is merely one major concern in common which people from all over the Earth have in common, Safety. Food safety has now been considered the foremost and really of import portion in all of the nutrient industries around the Earth. Many different and assortment of techniques have been developed upon to assist nutrient safety go to a higher degree, while many of them turned out to be failures. Scientists now have discovered a particular, dependable, existent clip, and most significantly more economic technique to look into the safety of the nutrients in production. This is by agencies of engineering called Nanotechnology. Every life being is a corporate affair of nanoscale objects in signifier of atoms and molecules. Nanoparticles are those which have a size of one ten percent of human hair i.e. atoms runing within 1 to 100 n anometers. Nanotechnology is classified into two in footings of the size of the atoms, Fine particles which has a size scope of 100 2500 nanometer and Ultrafine atoms which is from 1 100 nanometer. It is rather absorbing how the size, Numberss, location, concentration and few other factors of the nanoscale atoms control the whole system. Most protein and polysaccharide have nanoscale sizes but these are of course happening nanoparticles ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . It is scientifically shown that if a larger atom is broken down unnaturally into nanoscale size, the natural belongingss of the atom is lost and the atom behaves as a toxic component. Hence when nanotechnology is used in any application particularly when affecting it in the nutrient system or nutrient concatenation ; it is to be taken into consideration that the hazard affecting is far-reaching and terrible. Normally nutrient safety is considered to be the most hard and expensive portion for the Food Industries as the machineries and the equipment needed for them is really expensive with moderate dependability and high cost of care. Hence most of the little graduated table nutrient industries tend to extinguish the nutrient safety instruments and normally have merely ocular review of the nutrients which is non reliable. And for the inexpensive pricing from these industries, people ( Consumers ) buy the nutrients and devour them and have high hazard of acquiring diseased. But now as engineering has improved, there is a new manner to hold the safety of nutrients in control and that is non with expensive machineries but merely with simple techniques with Nanotechnology. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) have recognized a demand for scientific advice on any nutrient safety deductions that arise from the use of Nanote chnology techniques in the nutrient and agribusiness sectors through its skyline scanning activities. All nutrient Industries operate in a complex proficient and commercial environment and to be successful each nutrient concern should posses the cognition and accomplishment to look into them at the lead or at least be in the competition. And one of the best ways to acquire the repute is to acquire good ranked among the clients. And to make that the merchandise they deliver should be of high quality and which is all about the nutrient safety. Food safety has become one of the most of import sections in a nutrient industry and even consumers buy nutrients which are safer, instead than the gustatory sensation. Hence a big importance in the Industry should be directed towards the safety for the nutrient. In olden times the nutrient was tested for their safety by a method called End merchandise testing, which involves a sampling of the merchandise and so proving it. But it was non to the full fulfilling as safety was dependent on the trying entirely. In 1960s The Pillsbury Company along w ith the National Aeronautical and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the USA Army laboratories formed a construct called the HACCP. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control point System. It was based on failure, manner and consequence analysis, which looks on the procedure and place the things could perchance travel incorrect and put consequence to rectify it. As a consequence there would be safe manner of bring forthing nutrients. This was in fact developed for the Astronauts to guarantee safe nutrients and minimise the hazard of nutrient poisoning eruption in infinite. Hazards, as called in nutrient industries are explained as agent which has a inclination to do inauspicious wellness effects to the consumer. They are of three types which are Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical jeopardy is when the nutrient contains unwanted physical presence of agents like spots of knife, nails, piece of paper etc at any phase of the nutrient procedure rhythm from natural stuffs to the packaging. A good illustration for this would be the presence of a nut which has fallen off in the nutrient merchandise from the machinery which it processes and non good maintained. These may even do serious harm to the consumer. The ground for this could be hapless care of the machineries and instruments used or staffs non trained decently on safety steps. The Chemical jeopardy is explained as an unwanted alteration in the nutrient merchandises chemically. Here for illustration pasteurisation of milk is to extinguish the hazards of the micro organisms nowadays in the natura l milk, if the milk is non pasteurized so there is a chemical jeopardy. These are normally caused by improper accommodation of the temperature, Ph etc. Biological jeopardy is the hazard of doing wellness effects to the consumer through the infective micro being nowadays in nutrients and are considered to be one of the chief dangers. Infective micro-organisms exert their consequence straight through turning in or polluting nutrient merchandises and being ingested ( Food borne infection ) or doing nutrient toxic condition. In both instances the unwellness possibly serious, even fatal. Good illustration for this is the Bacillus Cereus which forms heat immune spores that can merely be eliminated by terrible heat intervention. Food Intoxication is caused by the exposure of nutrient materials to the micro-organisms or toxins produced by them. Cases of poisoning could be either Bacterial poisoning or Non Bacterial poisoning. The former occurs when micro beings like bacteria or their ain toxin gets absorbed with the nutrient which on devouring causes nutrient Intoxication. The ulterior type is caused by harmful chemicals like fertilisers, insect powders etc. A few other types of Bacterial poisonings are Salmonella nutrient poisoning, Botulism, Staphylococcal nutrient poisoning, Clostridium nutrient poisoning and Bacillus Cereuss. Salmonella nutrient poisoning This is caused by signifiers of Salmonella bacteria viz. Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella cholera suits, and Gartner s B. These are normally found in milk, milk merchandises and eggs. The symptoms of this poisoning are Diarrhoea, illness, etc. Botulism This is one of the rare but serious instances of poisoning caused by Botulinum toxin which is produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinus. The symptom starts from palsy taking to respiratory failure. Antitoxins have proven really successful in handling the status. This type of poisoning is non contagious and does non distribute through individual to individual contact ( NHS, 2008 ) . Staphylococcal nutrient Poisoning This is caused by the consumption of nutrient merchandise incorporating Staphylococcal Enterotoxin. The symptoms are violent onset with terrible sickness, spasms, purging and collapse. It is accompanied by lower blood force per unit area and diarrhea. Cases of decease are rare but hospitalization is needed ( Manitoba heath, Nov 2001 ) . Legislations affecting Food safety: In the Europe, the European Union ( EU ) makes statute laws and many of which are compulsory for the member provinces and hence incorporated into each single states national statute law. As a big administration it helps in taking barriers to merchandise between member provinces and into which single member provinces merely have a minimum influence and the consequence being a related non biased one size tantrums all system ( Wikipedia ) . The EU nutrient scheme has three chief classs which are statute law on the safety of the nutrient and animate being provender ; sound scientific advice on which to establish determinations ; and enforcement and control. The statute law is covers a big country from carnal provender boulder clay widening to nutrient hygiene. This is applied all across Europe in high criterions. The general regulations for all nutrient and provender are given with particular step where client satisfaction is justified as in usage in addendums, nutrient addendums, colo rings, pesticides or endocrines. The regulation is besides applied to stuffs that get in contact with nutrient like plastic wadding. The standard EU labelling will guarantee if the merchandise has an allergic ingredient and to cognize the footings like high fibers or low fat and what they mean ( European communities, 2009 ) . In United Kingdom the nutrient criterion bureau is the organic structure responsible for the safety policy and statute law. They enforce these statute laws with the aid of Food governments which are the local governments, imports, port wellness governments. The control of nutrient is governed by condemnable jurisprudence with the chief primary statute law in signifier of Food safety act of 1990. There is a group of subsidiaries which implement European Union ordinances, Contaminants bound, restricting usage of additives, labelling demand, and other nutrient quality related and genuineness. The nutrient governments inspect the premiss supplemented by trying of nutrient and they analyse it by public analysts and nutrient testers. Introduction to Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is defined as the survey and usage of constructions between 1 nanometre and 100 nanometres in size Devicess with minimal characteristic sizes less than 100 nanometres ( nanometer ) are considered to be merchandises of nanotechnology ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ( 10-9 m ) and is the unit of length that is by and large most appropriate for depicting the size of individual molecules ( University Malaysia Perlis, 2005 ) . The Nano-scale Markss the cloudy boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical universes ; therefore, realisation of nanotechnology promises to convey radical capablenesss. Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of affair at dimensions of approximately 1 to 100 nanometres, where alone phenomena enable novel applications. Embracing Nano-scale scientific discipline, technology and engineering, nanotechnology involves imaging ; measurement, patterning and pull stringsing affair at this length graduated table ( National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2006 ) . Nanotechnology is non one engineering, but many. The UK Royal society and Royal academy of Engineering entitled its 2004 study Nano-science and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and uncertainnesss to stress the scope of engineerings in drama. It defines Nano-science as the The survey of phenomena and use of stuffs at atomic, molecular and macromolecular graduated tables, where belongingss differ significantly from those at a larger graduated table ( The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004 ) . Most of the states are presently researching Nanotechnology on assorted Fieldss like Pharmaceutical Industries, Petroleum Industries, Electronic Industries, and Automobile Industry etc. In 2001, Japan spent US $ 400m researching on this country and US $ 960m in 2004. In USA, $ 750m was funded for Nanotechnology in 2003 and from 2005-2008 about $ 3.7bn was spent. In Europe, support for the Research an d development is around ˆ1bn. between the old ages 2003-2009, In UK the DTI enterprise on Nanotechnology offered A ; lb ; 45m to back up applications used in commercial countries ( Antje grobe et Al, 2008 ) . Nanomaterials have different types of classification to be applied in nutrient industry. It can be classified as: Nanoparticles Nanofibres Nanoemulsions, and Nanoclays. Nanoparticles can be divided into two on the footing on their behavior as Organic and Inorganic. Nano-particles are used in encapsulation systems as they have the ability to transport ingredients. Some of the illustrations are micelles, liposomes, for bringing of nutrient ingredient, biosensor and disinfectants. Inorganic nano-particles Some of these inorganic nanoparticles have been approved to be used in the nutrient industry. Such as Titanium dioxide, which is a nutrient colorant is used as UV protection barrier in nutrient packaging. This happens when Ti dioxide is used in nano signifier ; it besides loses its ability as a nutrient colorant as it becomes crystalline as a Nanoparticle. The usage of nanoparticles of Ag is the most normally used application as an antimicrobic agent which is used in electric refrigerator panels, storage boxes, surfaces which come in contact with nutrient stuffs in nutrient industry therefore increasing safety of the nutrient ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Organic nano-particles These are referred to as nanocapsules sometimes as it is used as vehicle for alimentary compounds or Pharmaceutical molecules. These aid present the foods without impacting the gustatory sensation or visual aspect. These encapsulate the atoms which are needed to be delivered and they pass through the GI piece of land and so into the blood stream. This enables to increase their bioavailability ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nano-emulsions These are emulsions which have no difference to normal emulsion except for their stable thermo dynamical belongings. Due to their little size they can be diluted in H2O without altering the droplet size distribution. Some of their applications are bringing of active compounds in the organic structure, stabilisation of biological active ingredients, extension of shelf life due to increase in stableness and increased viscousness at lower concentrations of oil stage ( Food safety authorization of Ireland, 2008 ) . Nanometrology Without dependable methods of measuring, it is impossible to find human or carnal exposure via nutrient or provender. Of specific importance therefore in relation to the nutrient and provender sector and to any possible regulative model is the finding of the physiochemical belongingss of nanoparticles and their measuring in nutrient. Such belongingss include: Atom size Particle distribution Surface country Surface charge and topography Composition and pureness Hydrophobicity and solubility Chemical responsiveness and bioactivity Dispersion/aggregation province. Particularly of import among these belongingss are particle size and distribution, surface country and collection province. Normally, nanoparticle samples contain a scope of atoms, both larger and smaller than the mean or average value, which is frequently the figure really quoted as the atom size. As the atom size lessenings, more molecules are present at the surface giving rise to a larger surface to volume ratio or larger surface country for chemical interaction ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Word picture of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrixs In sing the word picture of nanoparticles in a biological environment, both the consequence of this environment on the nanoparticles and conversely, the consequence of the nanoparticles on the environment must be explored. Engineered nanoparticles, with their really big surface countries, adsorb bio molecules to their surface instantly upon contact with natural substances to organize a bio molecule aureole ( Lynch, 2006 ; Lynch, 2007 ) . These bio molecules include proteins, lipoids and sugars, and it is these adsorbed bio molecules that confer the biological individuality of the nanoparticles, and find how they interact with life systems. Many of the biophysical and biological techniques available to find protein conformation and activity can be applied to the word picture of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Lynch, 2006 ) . A list of techniques presently being used many of which could be applied to/by the Agri-food sector. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to the s urface of engineered nanoparticles can impact their stableness and scattering, and it is of import to besides characterize the scattering belongingss of nanoparticles in the relevant biological environment, e.g. in nutrient. Many of the techniques listed in Appendix II can be applied to the word picture of the scattering stableness of the nanoparticle bio molecule composite ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . An extra facet of the surface assimilation of bio molecules to the surface of nanoparticles is the consequence on the conformation of proteins such as enzymes, and besides on their map, stableness, activity and collection province, among other belongingss. There are a figure of illustrations of enhanced enzyme stableness and map following surface assimilation to nanoparticles, for illustration, the life-time of the enzymes Trypsin and Peroxidase was shown to increase dramatically, from a few hours to hebdomads, by attaching them to magnetic Fe nanoparticles ( Sharma, 2007 ) . This ability to heighten protein stableness by interfacing them with nanomaterials may impact legion biological procedures such as digestion, metamorphosis and alimentary consumption. Measurements of enzymatic activity in the presence of nanoparticles should be studied as a precedence ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Measurement of Nanoparticles in Food and other Biological Matrixs The predating paragraphs have shown that a broad scope of physical and chemical techniques are available to characterize nanoparticles, both in the as-synthesised signifier and as nanoparticle bio molecule composites such as would happen in nutrient matrices and upon consumption. While these techniques may be applied to transport out measurings of nanoparticles in the pure signifier, the measuring and quantitation of nanoparticles in nutrient, biological tissues and other biological matrices nowadayss considerable challenges, since suited equipment and measuring schemes are non yet available ( SCENHIR, 2006, 2007 ) . Many nutrient merchandises besides contain considerable sums of of course happening nanoparticles, such as proteins, silicon oxide or hints of Ti dioxide, which makes sensing of added nanoparticles hard, as it regulations out techniques such as elemental function where there are already important background degrees. Techniques such as elemental function can merely be app lied to nanoparticles such as gold and Ag, which are non of course present in nutrients or nutrient packaging stuffs. Measurement of atom mass of nanoparticles in the pristine signifier ( as synthesised ) , is comparatively straightforward, while measuring of the surface country of a given mass of nanoparticles is more hard, as many of the current techniques do non separate to the full between porousness and surface country, e.g. nitrogen surface assimilation. An extra complication is, as already discussed, the really ready collection of nanoparticles that occurs in biological media, ensuing in larger atoms, or even a gradual addition with size as a map of clip. Such collection makes it about impossible to mensurate either atom figure or surface country in biological matrices. These proficient troubles in the measuring of nanoparticles make it correspondingly hard to mensurate the existent exposure in in vitro and in vivo toxicological surveies or in open worlds for hazard appraisal intents ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Problems Associated with Measurement and Characterisation of Nanoparticles The word picture of nanoparticles requires considerable attention and there are many troubles and uncertainnesss, in peculiar with regard to particle collection, size, pureness, and batch fluctuations. The word picture is farther complicated by the incorporation of nanoparticles into biological matrices. This alters their belongingss and requires farther word picture beyond that of the pristine nanoparticle. The surface assimilation of bio molecules to nanoparticle surfaces may hold peculiar effects for nanoparticles in nutrient. For illustration, absorbed enzymes may hold enhanced or reduced activity, ensuing in altered efficiency of digestion and altered nutritionary value of nutrients. It is peculiarly of import to separate between nanoparticles and nanoparticulate sums. Nanoparticles that have been dried during the synthesis procedure are typically irreversibly aggregated, and as such have dimensions on the micrometer graduated table. If the nanoparticles remain in suspension, up on contact with biological fluids, their surface belongingss may be altered by surface assimilation of proteins and other bio molecules, ensuing in altered stableness and collection. Nanoparticles need to be characterised under the conditions in which they will be utilised. While many methods exist to characterize as-synthesised nanoparticles, such as negatron microscopy and dispersing methods, new methodological analysiss are required desperately to characterize nanoparticles in situ in nutrient matrices and nutrient contact stuffs. At present, it is non possible to separate between background degrees of nanoparticles and intentionally added nanoparticles such as silicon oxide dioxide and Ti dioxide. Nevertheless, the nanometrology country is quickly developing, with a conjunct attempt to develop criterions and standard processs for the word picture of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based systems ( Food Safety Authority of Ireland, 2008 ) . Chapter 3 Nanotechnology from farm to fork The term nanofood describes nutrient which has been cultivated, produced, processed or packaged utilizing nanotechnology techniques or tools, or to which manufactured nanomaterials have been added ( Joseph and Morrison, 2006 ) . So far we have been discoursing about Food safety its importance, Nanotechnology, its aid to nutrient industry and besides came across few instance surveies along with its working. To assist give a clear cut thought about the pros and cons in application of Nanotechnology in nutrients, it is necessary to travel through the farm to fork and this is the portion where we introduce nanotechnology into the nutrient concatenation. The four key countries in nutrient and agricultural industry where Nanotechnology is used on nutrients are: Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders. Alteration of nutrients. Smart nutrient . Smart boxing . Alteration of seeds, custom-making fertilisers and provenders Nanotechnology combined with familial technology helped agriculture move to a whole new gait which is called as Atomic technology. Atomic technology allows changing or rearranging the Deoxyribonucleic acid of seeds and bring forthing different works belongingss like growing season, coloring material, plague resistant, etc. This widely helps the agricultural workers to bring forth better harvest without worrying about the season or any physical factors that influences growing of the works. The atomic technology besides helps in bring forthing extremely powerful fertilisers and provenders which will slake the thirst of different farms which are of course lacking in minerals which promotes works growing. Alteration of nutrients Certain companies are working on to make bastioned processed nutrients with nano-encapsulation for foods bringing. Taste developers by nano-developed colorss, adjusting of fat and sugar degrees and besides improved mouth feel . This system is besides believed to assist nutritionary claims to a certain degree. For illustration the inclusion of medically good nano-capsules will shortly enable cocoa bit cookies to be marketed as wellness promoting or arteria cleaning. Nanotechnology will besides enable debris nutrients to cut down the sum of sugar or fat content. This could either be done by replacing the fats and sugars with other substance or forestall the organic structure absorbing them ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart nutrient Nanotechnology is now used in planing smart nutrients by some extremely graded companies like Kraft and Nestle. These techniques will enable the consumer to personalise their nutrient by altering its coloring material, spirit or foods on demand. Kraft is developing a clear tasteless drink that contains 100s of spirits with the aid of nano encapsulation. A domestic microwave can trip release of the coloring material, spirit, concentration and texture of the person s pick. Smart nutrients can besides feel any nutrient ingredients which could be allergic to the person and so it blocks them. These nutrients besides contain an extra dosage of foods which identifies any particular dietetic demands for the person. For illustration, Ca molecules for people who suffer from osteoporosis ( Georgia Miller, 2008 ) . Smart packing is another find utilizing nanotechnology that will increase nutrient shelf life. Mars Inc. has obtained a patent on unseeable comestible nano negligee which will envelop the nutrient thereby forestalling gas and wet exchange. New developments are being researched in this country like detectors that could place nutrient spoilage and nano anti bugs that could widen shelf life. Besides this system can be used in tracking down nutrients materials by puting nano detectors which are unseeable to human oculus within them and this would besides move as electronic saloon codification so the nutrient could be tracked from the farm to mill to supermarket and beyond. Nanotechnology in Food packaging There are many types of packaging used with the aid of Nanotechnology. A thin movie called Durethan is produced by Chemical elephantine aspirin incorporating Nanoparticles of clay. This thin movie is tough, light and heat resistant. This movie can move as a roadblock for the O and C dioxide to the fresh meat or other nutrient merchandises ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Another interesting research is done by research workers from Netherland and it is an intelligent packaging in which the bundle releases preservatives when a nutrient within is about to botch ( ETC group study, 2004 ) . Bio-nanocomposites are intercrossed nano-structured stuffs with improved mechanical, thermic and gas barrier belongingss. The usage of bio-nanocomposites for nutrient packaging non merely protects the nutrient and increases its shelf life but besides be considered a more environmentally plastics as packaging stuffs. Most of the traditional packaging stuffs are made from non-degradable stuffs, which increas e environment pollution in add-on to devouring fossil fuels for their production. However, current alternate biodegradable movies exhibit hapless barrier and mechanical belongingss and these belongingss need to be improved well before they could replace traditional plastics and therefore assist to pull off the universe s waste job. Biodegradability of a packaging stuff can be enhanced with the debut of inorganic atoms, such as clay, into the biopolymeric matrix and can besides be controlled with wetting agents that are used for the alteration of superimposed silicate. The used of inorganic atoms besides makes it possible to present multiple functionalities, which might assist to better the bringing of delicate micronutrients within comestible capsules ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Another attack to better the belongingss of biodegradable movies is the usage of intercrossed organic-inorganic systems and, in peculiar, those incorporating superimposed silicates. Hybrid complexs, such as superimposed silicates embedded in a polymeric matrix, better stableness and their biodegradability can be all right tuned by changing the sum of dissolvers used, which might further spread out the possible utilizations of comestible and biodegradable movies ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . Zein, a prolamin and the major constituent of maize protein, has been an of import in scientific discipline and industry owing to its alone belongingss and molecular construction. By fade outing zein, either in ethyl alcohol or in propanone, biodegradable zein movies with good tensile and H2O barrier belongingss can be obtained. Nanotechnology attacks are expected in to give new applications for zein in forte nutrients and in the biodegradable plastics industry. Zein can organize a net consisting of c annular constructions, which can be microbiologically immune and inert, for illustration, after intervention with methanal. However, zein nanobeads or nanoparticles can be used as comestible bearers for flavour compounds or for encapsulation of nutraceuticals, every bit good as to better the strength of plastic and bioactive nutrient bundles. Controling the uniformity and organisation of zein movies at the nanolevel are important in footings of mechanical and tensile belongingss. In an effort to command the surface morphology of zein movies, Shi et Al. tested different dissolvers and found that movies generated in acetic acid were smoother and structurally more homogeneous than movies obtained from ethyl alcohol as a dissolver ( Sozer et al. , 2009 ) . One possibility to increase the barrier belongingss of zein polymer is intervention with stable silicate composites like montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite. These thrombocyte like structured silicate composites disperse in polymer matrixes and are hence able to better their strength, stiffness and H2O and gas permeableness even at low degrees of 1-5 vol % . Silicates consist of crystalline beds with 1nm in thickness and a diameter scope of 30-2000 nanometers. The silicate beds in nanocomposites are able to command the diffusion rate through their agonizing tract. They can aggregate within the matrix in three different signifiers, as phase-separated, intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites. Exfoliated nanocomposites have the greatest ability to better the tensile strength of the movie in which they are incorporated. Nanoscale fillers normally consist of nanofibers, nano-whiskers or nanotubes but can besides be made out of solid-layered silicate constructi

Delphi Compiler Version Directives

Delphi Compiler Version Directives If you plan on writing Delphi code that should work with several version of the Delphi compiler you need to know under which versions your code gets compiled. Suppose you are writing your own commercial custom component. Users of your component might have different Delphi versions than you have. If they try to recompile the components code- your code- they might be in trouble! What if you were using default parameters in your functions and the user has Delphi 3? Compiler directive: $IfDef Compiler directives are special syntax comments we can use to control the features of the Delphi compiler. The Delphi compiler has three types of directives: switch directives, parameter directives, and conditional directives. Conditional compilation lets us selectively compile parts of a source code depending on which conditions are set. The $IfDef compiler directive starts a conditional compilation section. The syntax looks like: {$IfDef DefName} ... {$Else} ... {$EndIf} The DefName presents the so-called conditional symbol. Delphi defines several standard conditional symbols. In the code above, if the DefName is defined the code above $Else gets compiled. Delphi Version Symbols A common use for the $IfDef directive is to test the version of the Delphi compiler. The following list indicates the symbols to check when compiling conditionally for a particular version of the Delphi compiler: SYMBOL - COMPILER VERSIONVER80 - Delphi 1VER90 - Delphi 2VER100 - Delphi 3VER120 - Delphi 4VER130 - Delphi 5VER140 - Delphi 6VER150 - Delphi 7VER160 - Delphi 8VER170 - Delphi 2005VER180 - Delphi 2006VER180 - Delphi 2007VER185 - Delphi 2007VER200 - Delphi 2009VER210 - Delphi 2010VER220 - Delphi XEVER230 - Delphi XE2WIN32 - Indicates that the operating environment is the Win32 API.LINUX - Indicates that the operating environment is LinuxMSWINDOWS - Indicates that the operating environment is the MS Windows/li]CONSOLE - Indicates that an application is being compiled as a console application By knowing the above symbols it is possible to write code which works with several versions of Delphi by using compiler directives to compile appropriate source code for each version. Note: symbol VER185, for example, is used to indicate Delphi 2007 compiler or an earlier version. Using VER symbols Its quite usual (and desirable) for each new Delphi version to add several new RTL routines to the language. For example, the IncludeTrailingBackslash function, introduced in Delphi 5, adds  \  to the end of a string if it is not already there. In the Delphi MP3 project, I have used this function and several readers have complained that they cant compile the project- they have some Delphi version prior to Delphi 5. One way to solve this problem is to create your own version of this routine - the AddLastBackSlash function. If the project should be compiled on Delphi 5, the IncludeTrailingBackslash is called. If some of the previous Delphi versions are used, then we simulate the IncludeTrailingBackslash function. It could look something like: function AddLastBackSlash(str: string) : string;begin{$IFDEF VER130}   Result:IncludeTrailingBackslash(str) ; {$ELSE}if Copy(str, Length(str), 1) \ then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Result : str   else   Ã‚  Result : str \;​{$ENDIF}end; When you call the AddLastBackSlash function Delphi figures out which portion of the function should be used and the other part is simply skipped. Delphi 2008 Delphi 2007 uses VER180 in order to maintain non-breaking compatibility with Delphi 2006 and then adds VER185 in order for development that specifically needs to target Delphi 2007 for whatever reason. Note: any time the interface of a unit changes the code that uses that unit has to be re-compiled. Delphi 2007 is non-breaking release meaning that DCU files from Delphi 2006 will work as-is.

Air Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Air Power - Essay Example Realists of all varieties heed Machiavelli's caution that "security for gentleman is impossible if not it be conjoined with power." (18) Leaders wishing to defend their condition from assault must learn to master the planned application of power and act therefore in all situation and against all competitors. Clausewitz's dictum that war is a continuance of strategy by additional means (the sword in its place of the pen) suggests its reverse that "statecraft" is at its spirit war by political means: Why use a sword when a ballpoint will be sufficient But stay your sword sharp in the occasion negotiated agreements in the end fail. Hans Morgenthau and Henry Kissinger, refugees from Nazi Germany who become key information in the American realist tradition, witness in the barbarity of European totalitarianism a warped moral fervor adversative to the fundamental person security upon which self-governing following systems depend. Failing to be familiar with the reality of Hitler's increasing armed power, deplete their arsenals, relying on treaties and declarations to remain the calm, open-minded democracies shaped the conditions under which the worldwide murder of World War II might no longer be banned. For Morgenthau and Kissinger, the ignominious breakdown of the West's following "idealism" from Versailles to Hitler's attack of Poland is summed up in a solitary image of humiliation: Neville Chamberlain, winning his return as of Munich to London on September 30, 1938 following handing the Sudetenland to Hitler, wave a text before soothing crowds: "[H]ere is the document which bears his person's name upon it as we ll as pit." Instead of achieve "peace in our time" as Chamberlain proclaim, the Munich treaty fatally shifted the European equilibrium of power in Hitler's favor, igniting the global disaster Churchill called "the Unnecessary War." Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations remains the determining American employment of realism in the "traditional" tradition. Morgenthau's understanding of "the move violently for power and calm"--shaped by his own knowledge of the victory of totalitarianism and antisemitism in his inhabitant Germany--carries over pessimistic assumptions about person psychology, and the force for power, reflected in the worldview communal by Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes. (22) Morgenthau follows Spinoza's attack winning philosophers who "imagine man not as they are but as they would like them to be." So Morgenthau's

Database protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database protection - Essay Example Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such (â€Å"Agreement on Trade-Related.†). The petition filed to the WTO is basically a court hearing, with a judge, lawyers, plaintiff, and defendant. The only difference is that not all of the players in this court case are Americans, but from various countries belonging to the WTO. Whatever the judge decides, the defendant’s country, or America in this case, is left to uphold. If it was proven that the database had been accessed illegally and copies distributed, then America would enforce the penalty, ranging from prison to restitution. Most of the time restitution is the scenario. Let it be noted that only twenty-five cases of intellectual property theft has been petitioned to the WTO (â€Å"Agreement on Trade-Related.†). Another means for the database owner would be to file suit either in American federal or state court where the defendant is from. America has copyright laws for intellectual property. Because of the WTO, every WTO member must have current laws protecting intellectual property, America is no exception. By suing through the American justice system, the database owner could have an injunction placed on the product from the database immediately. American laws would also punish the hacker, if they were found guilty, by restitution or jail time. The two options above all depend on the database owner and where they live. If from a developed country like Russia or one of the European states, it is very likely justice will be done and their database will be protected. However, if from an underdeveloped country, like Cambodia or an African state the database owner will lose their property. One because their country does not have the existing WTO treaty or their country already has sanctions. Two the database owner would not have the

Case Analysis Leo Burnett Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Case Analysis Leo Burnett - Essay Example Leo Burnett merged its operations with a similar company in the advertising business in 2001 (O’Neil). However, LB did retain its name. Janet Carmichael was virtual team leader who headed the operation of the company. Gaining trust as a team leader requires developing precise plans and objectives, which would define the nature of relationship that should exist between the virtual groups. It is evident that geographical differences separated the groups. However, the team leader did not develop precise objective, which could enforce trust among the teams. The case projects lack of trust among teams, which led to their poor performance. Success of any project depends on its implementation plan. Carmichael did not develop implementation plan that would define the kind of role each team would play. Coordination is an important aspect that the virtual teams did not embrace. Communication office is a pillar in any successful company. LB London and its sister company in Toronto had a communication lapse, which is responsible for the woes that the company faced. Team leaders should ensure that they develop mechanisms which would enhance communication and timely information delivery. It is apparent that telephone calls and emails are not enough for business to realize its success. Team leader must be able to meet the virtual teams, share their problems and success, and finally project the way in which the team should operate. Virtual teams must be able to see defined protocols, which handle the problems that they may be having. Meetings are very important, especially when a company has various teams working in different locations. Meetings help the leader to identify any lapse that his or her team is facing. This would create trust between the team and its leader. The case illustrates ineffective communication between virtual teams and its consequences to the company. It is apparent that team leader should device effective ways which would give reflective

Britain's privatized railway system Literature review

Britain's privatized railway system - Literature review Example This freed up the Secretary of State to give the relevant board directions concerning the disposal of its holdings. This Act was necessary because the government at all times had to act by the rules that were established by various Acts covering transport and railways, which would have stopped the board from disposing of the assets. Following the Secretary of state’s actions, he directed for the formation of Rail-track PLC, which, in turn, paved the way for 1993’s Railways Act. The British Railways Board’s operations were subsequently sold off. At the time, the process was riddled with controversy and some of the results have lent credence to the criticism that came its way. The manner of the privatization also led to widespread criticism from over twenty companies involved, especially for its complexity. Following the Swedish example that seemed apparently successful, the BEU issued directive 91/440, wishing to enable new rail operators to access the market (Jupe & Crompton, 2006: p1038). EU member states were required to separate infrastructure and railway management operations from transport services with account separation termed, as compulsory to all industries that were formally owned by the state with while separation with institutions being optional. The EU hoped that track operators would levy a transparent fee that would allow operators to run networked trains under open access. British Rail was privatized between 1994 and 1997 with Rail-track given ownership of infrastructure and track in April of 1994. Following this, there was franchising of passenger operations to operators in the private sector with outright sale of freight services. BRB Ltd. got the remaining British rail obligations. When John Major replaced Margaret Thatcher as the Conservative party leader in late 1 990 the privatization of the British Rail begun to pick up steam. The government under Thatcher had sold off almost all industries that were formally owned by the state with the exception of British Rail. Even though, Cecil Parkinson, the previous Secretary for Transport had led advocacy for a form of semi-private or private ownership of the British rail network, Thatcher had deemed it too much (Jupe & Crompton, 2006; p1039). In the 1992 elections, the Conservative manifesto included a privatization commitment for the British rail network, although the specifics were not set out clearly. Triumphing over opinion polls, the Conservatives won the 1992 elections and had to, consequently, come up with a plan to privatize British Rail prior to the publishing of the Railways Bill the following year (Haywood, 2007: p200). British Rail’s management led a strong advocacy campaign for the privatization of British Rail under a single entity with John Redwood, a Cabinet Minister, arguing for the regional companies that were in charge of trains and track, although the Prime Minister did not back this at the time. Consequently, following pressure from a think tank fronted by the Adam Smith Institute, the treasury advocated for seven franchises for passenger railways, which later expanded to 25, as a means of revenue maximization. The treasury prevailed in this instance. In addition, privatization of British Rail became a reality. In 1997, the Labor government took over after almost all privatization had been carried out and failed to act, on its earlier promise, to return to the public sector the railway system (Haywood, 2007: p200). It, instead, elected to leave the structure as it was and even oversaw the completion of

Life in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life in the U.S - Essay Example Despite the current law enforcement strategies and awareness programs, the issue has turned to be a serious behavioral problem among adolescents. As per the findings of Holm et al (27), 80% of all smokers in the United States begin smoking even before the age of 18. With increased threat to health and personal integrity, the prohibition of teenage smoking has become the most essential legal concern. In the United States, there is no unified regulation on this issue and the minimum age restriction varies from state to state. Although ‘18’ is generally accepted as the minimum age, the decision is subjected to the discretion of states. According to the statistics of National Cancer Institute, tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. The illness includes cancers of the throat, mouth, nasal cavity, stomach, kidney etc. The study also says that â€Å"smokers are six times more likely to suffer heart attack than non-smokers† and ‘in 2009 around 20.6 percent of U.S. adults were cigarette smokers’ (National Cancer Institute). Works Cited Holm, Nancy. Holm, Jeffrey et al. â€Å"Youth Tobacco Use Prevention Programs†. Adolescent Smoking and Health Research (Ed. Lapointe, Martin). US: Nova Publishers, 2008. Print. â€Å"Smoking†.

Britain's privatized railway system Literature review

Britain's privatized railway system - Literature review Example This freed up the Secretary of State to give the relevant board directions concerning the disposal of its holdings. This Act was necessary because the government at all times had to act by the rules that were established by various Acts covering transport and railways, which would have stopped the board from disposing of the assets. Following the Secretary of state’s actions, he directed for the formation of Rail-track PLC, which, in turn, paved the way for 1993’s Railways Act. The British Railways Board’s operations were subsequently sold off. At the time, the process was riddled with controversy and some of the results have lent credence to the criticism that came its way. The manner of the privatization also led to widespread criticism from over twenty companies involved, especially for its complexity. Following the Swedish example that seemed apparently successful, the BEU issued directive 91/440, wishing to enable new rail operators to access the market (Jupe & Crompton, 2006: p1038). EU member states were required to separate infrastructure and railway management operations from transport services with account separation termed, as compulsory to all industries that were formally owned by the state with while separation with institutions being optional. The EU hoped that track operators would levy a transparent fee that would allow operators to run networked trains under open access. British Rail was privatized between 1994 and 1997 with Rail-track given ownership of infrastructure and track in April of 1994. Following this, there was franchising of passenger operations to operators in the private sector with outright sale of freight services. BRB Ltd. got the remaining British rail obligations. When John Major replaced Margaret Thatcher as the Conservative party leader in late 1 990 the privatization of the British Rail begun to pick up steam. The government under Thatcher had sold off almost all industries that were formally owned by the state with the exception of British Rail. Even though, Cecil Parkinson, the previous Secretary for Transport had led advocacy for a form of semi-private or private ownership of the British rail network, Thatcher had deemed it too much (Jupe & Crompton, 2006; p1039). In the 1992 elections, the Conservative manifesto included a privatization commitment for the British rail network, although the specifics were not set out clearly. Triumphing over opinion polls, the Conservatives won the 1992 elections and had to, consequently, come up with a plan to privatize British Rail prior to the publishing of the Railways Bill the following year (Haywood, 2007: p200). British Rail’s management led a strong advocacy campaign for the privatization of British Rail under a single entity with John Redwood, a Cabinet Minister, arguing for the regional companies that were in charge of trains and track, although the Prime Minister did not back this at the time. Consequently, following pressure from a think tank fronted by the Adam Smith Institute, the treasury advocated for seven franchises for passenger railways, which later expanded to 25, as a means of revenue maximization. The treasury prevailed in this instance. In addition, privatization of British Rail became a reality. In 1997, the Labor government took over after almost all privatization had been carried out and failed to act, on its earlier promise, to return to the public sector the railway system (Haywood, 2007: p200). It, instead, elected to leave the structure as it was and even oversaw the completion of

Benefits of a Restaurant Management System Assignment

Benefits of a Restaurant Management System - Assignment Example The RMS ensures that minimal time is taken to deliver a guest’s order. Guests dislike restaurants where it takes a lot of time to process an order. RMS will ensure that guests get their orders delivered on time, since the order system is automated (Connor 61). The system streamlines employees’ tasks thus saving time, which results in improved productivity. Better Reaction to TrendsThe RMS keeps track of sales and cost information by employee, time period, outlet, table and meal period among others. This way, the restaurant can easily identify any problems or areas affecting profitability and take the appropriate actions. This would not be easy to spot using a manual system.  Ã‚   Reduced Labor ExpensesThe RMS can take many orders at the same time without the risk of mix up, as would be in the case of a manual system. RMS reduces the need for excess paperwork which can be easily printed from the system. This reduces the number of employees on the payroll thus reducing labor expenses, which form a significant part of total expenses.   Reduced Late ChargesThe system ensures that the charges pertaining to foods and beverages are posted to a folio prior to check-out. A manual system would not efficiently post the charges resulting to late charges. An automated management system ensures that charges are posted on time and accurately, in addition to checking the status of the room or credit pertaining to a particular guest. It also reduces the time used to serve each guest resulting in better guest control.

The Best Thing Ever Essay Example for Free

The Best Thing Ever Essay Victoria McQueen Doctor-Assisted Suicide is it Right or Wrong? Suicide in all shapes and forms is wrong. There are so many reasons to fight and keep hope, taking the life of yourself or having a doctor assist you with taking your life is absurd. Having the gift of life is exactly that; a gift. Taking something so precious that some people don’t even have the option to is a terrible thing. No matter what you believe or what other people believe there has and always will be a plan for you, if you are alive right now you’re not done with your plan. Getting to choose when you want to die is not right, not when there are people struggling to stay afloat. I think that having the capability to have a doctor assist you in suicide is a terrible idea and I am against it. Depression is a difficult thing that hits Americans today; with our issues on body image, and stress from work and keeping and job and then still coming home to a family has become more challenging for people today. There are people who get depressed and wish to take their lives. If it is that important for them to end their lives I am sure they could find a way. Then there are the people who come to the doctors who try and have them help them with it. Its almost as if they are looking for an â€Å"Okay† from someone to end their life because they have a belief system that frowns upon suicide or something like that. If it’s in the cards for you I am sure you can get through it. You should not think that taking your life is the way to do it. The doctors who are involved in situations like this should have restrictions and guidelines that a person has to follow before even mentioning this option because for this task to even be brought up and seem okay would be wrong. Life gets hard we all know this, you hit rock bottom go through some tough spots but it’s up to you to pick up your boot straps and move on. I think there are certain moments when the doctor-assisted suicide should be ok but they have to be under very strict guidelines because someone having the ability to pick and choose when they want to die is just ridiculous. I think if you elect to have a doctor assisted suicide you should have to create a relationship with the doctor and you should be ask more than once if this is what you really want so there are no chances in making a mistake. In the event you have a disease that requires a cure; what if that very next day or even very next hour they find that cure you just gave up on everything you were fighting for after so long. Giving up on life when you cannot handle it anymore is something that no one should get to decide. Some people live the easy life but in rare cases life gets incredibly hard; paraplegia when you have no use of your limbs. Locked-In Syndrome; you have no use of anything just your brain so you are basically stuck in your body sometimes you can use your eyes to communicate. ALS you lose control of all voluntary muscle movement. These are the moments when someone is suffering that I believe that you should have other options rather than just wasting away locked in your own mind and body. There are other terminal illness that occur where keeping a person as happy as possible and keeping them comfortable becomes very hard. Cost of living is expensive for one then you have the price of round the clock nurses among all the pain medicine that has to be purchased so pain can be managed. There are so many jobs that have to be fulfilled to keep a person happy but how long can that last, unless you are rich and can have whatever you want. Take for instance, Stephen Hawking; he is a rich man but after everything he has been through he continues to fight and it’s not some measly little fight to get through the days he is still so adamant about research and the things he continues to do today. He continues to impress people and wants to keep doing things with his life. Having the will to push on and pursue great things no matter what’s going on is very admirable. Reasons that doctor assisted suicide is wrong is there are also faiths and beliefs and hopes that people have been living by and making it okay to end a life for the fact that it got too hard for someone is not right. With that being said I am against physician-assisted suicide, unless there are dire emergencies and the person is suffering beyond belief. We all have different levels of suffering some people can last longer than others in dealing with that but we should also be able to recognize when a person is really suffering and we should do anything in our power to help a person maintain comfortably and allowing them not to suffer.

Quantum Optical Model Nonintegrability Quantum Fluctuation

Quantum Optical Model Nonintegrability Quantum Fluctuation Nonintegrability and quantum fluctuations in a quantum optical model Nilakantha Mehera and S. Sivakumarb Abstract Integrability in quantum theory has been defined in more than one ways. Recently, Braak suggested that a quantum system is integrable relating the number of parameters required to specify the eigenstates and the number degrees of freedom (both discrete and continuous). It is argued that the dependence of uncertainty product of suitable operators on the atom-field interaction strength is distinctly different for the integrable and nonintegrable cases. These studies indicate that the uncertainty product is able to identify the nonintegrable systems from the integrable ones in the context of this new definition. Introduction A classical dynamical system with n degrees of freedom (DOF) is integrable, Liouvillean integrable to be precise, if there are equal number of suitable constants of motion (COM) that have vanishing Poisson bracket among themselves and with the Hamiltonian1.. Otherwise, the system is nonintegrable. While this definition is based on a sound mathematical footing, the situation in quantum dynamics is not very clear, essentially arising from the difficulty in defining or identifying DOF in quantum theory2. One possibility is define integrablity by the existence of sufficient number of observables which commute with the Hamiltonian and pair-wise commute among themselves. However, this is wrought with difficulties as it may not be possible to arrive at classical limits of some quantum systems. One such example is the case of a single two-level atom interacting with a single mode of the electromagnetic field. The former is a discrete DOF (finite dimensional Hilbert space) and the later is a continuous DOF (infinite dimensional Hilbert space). While the continuous DOF, namely, the electromagnetic field, has a proper classical limit, the two-level atom does not have a suitable classical limit. According to a new definition introduced by Braak, a system is integrable if the number of parameters required to specify the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian is equal to the sum of the number of discrete DOF and continuous DOF2. This definition does not involve the existence of constants of motion, though all such cases are covered by this definition. In this new definition of integrability, some of the nonintegrable systems based on the Liouvillean definition become integrable. A simple example of such a system is the Rabi model describing the interaction between a two-level atom and a single mode of the electromagnetic field with Hamiltonian3; (1) Here, are Pauli matrices, is the atomic transition frequency, () denote the annihilation (creation) operators of field with frequency. is the atom-field coupling constant. This Hamiltonian has only one COM, namely itself. Since there are two DOF, the field and the two-level atom, the Hamiltonian is nonintegrable in the sense of Liouville. However, exploiting the parity symmetry in , the system has been shown to be integrable2. Another interesting case is the rotating wave approximation of , yielding the well known Jaynes-Cummings model4,5: (2) This Hamiltonian has two COM, the Hamiltonian itself and the operator for the number of excitations . Existence of these two COMs renders the Hamiltonian integrable. The eigenstates are labelled by two parameters,an integer n corresponding to the number of excitations and the total energy. Also, both the Hamiltonians and exhibit level-crossings of the eigenvalues as the interaction strength g is varied, which is an indication that the models are integrable2. Level-crossing refers to the phenomenon where in the eigenvalues depend on the interaction strength g in such a way that the eigenvalues corresponding to two different eigenstates become degenerate at a specific values of g and reverse their order for other values of g. Nonintegrable Model : An interesting modification to to make it nonintegrable is to break the à ¯Ã‚ Ã… ¡2 symmetry by adding and this leads to; (3) Within the scope of the Braak’s definition of integrability, this model is integrable only when ÃŽ µ is an integral multiple of ω/2. This is also borne out by the existence of level crossings as shown in Fig.1. This criterion is sufficient for nonintegrability. We assume resonance . For the results presented here, it is assumed that =1 and ω=1. In Fig. 1, the absence or presence of level-crossing indicates respectively the nonintegrability or integrability of the Hamiltonian . Fig.1.Energy level (En) as a function of g for different à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬. Level crossing occurs if à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬=0 and 0.5 indicating integrability. No level crossing if à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬=0.3, indicating nonintegrability. Inset shows larger view of level crossing. A pertinent question in this context is to know those features that distinguish a nonintegrable atom-field system from an integrable one. One answer to this query appears to be that uncertainty product of a pair of suitably defined operators show markedly different characteristics. Since the system is nonintegrable, it is formidable to construct an analytical solution. Therefore, extensive numerical experimentations have been carried out and the results are presented here which support the claim stated above. Nonintegrability being a feature of the Hamiltonian, it is natural to expect that the eigenstates carry signatures revealing this feature. To explore this, we define two self-adjoint operators of the two-level atom, , , where () is the atomic raising (lowering) operator. The commutation relation implies that the value of the product of uncertainties lies between 0 and 1/2. The uncertainty relation of above operators is . whereis expectation value in any eigenstate. In Fig. 2, the uncertainty product is plotted as a function of the atom-field interaction strength for different values of à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬: à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬= 0, 0.5 and 1.0 corresponding to the integrable case and a few other values of à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬ corresponding to nonintegrable case. It is seen that as the parameter g is increases, the uncertainty product attains its maximum allowed value of  ½ for the integrable cases. On the other hand, for the nonintegrable cases the uncertainty product falls below the limit of  ½. In order to establish that the uncertainty product is very sensitive to the nature of the the integrable and nonintegrable cases, the plots corresponding to values of à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬ very close to integrable cases have been chosen. Fig.2.Uncertainty product () as a function of the atom-field coupling constant g. Different plots correspond to different values of à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬: integrable cases: à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬=0, 0.5 and 1.0, nonintegrable cases: à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬=-0.01,0.01, 0.49,0.51,0.2 and 0.4. In any plot, the uncertainty is plotted for the eingenstates corresponding to the first fifty eigenvalues. For instance, in the second row in Fig. 2, the sudden change in the nature of uncertainty product as à °Ã‚ Ã…“â‚ ¬ assumes values 0.49 (nonintegrable), 0.5 (integrable) and 0.51 (nonintegrable) respectively are shown. In order to bring out the features more clearly, the probability distribution of the uncertainty products in different eigenstates are shown in Fig 3 corresponding to the respective figures in Fig. 2. The sharply peaked probability distribution indicates integrability. Fig.3. Probability distribution of the uncertainty product for all the eigenstates for a particular value of g, chosen to be 1.2 here. Any higher value of g yields the same results. Summary Identification of nonintegrability in an interacting atom-field system is possible by the concentration of uncertainty product near a particular value as the atom-field interaction strength is increased. This feature seems to be related closely to the nonintegrability, also supported the absence of level crossings. This feature has been found to be able to identify nonintegrability in many other models that have been studied. In essence, suitable uncertainty product is able to identify nonintegrability, which is often difficult to establish analytically or numerically. Nevertheless, our analyses raise some important questions for which answers are to be found: Is it possible to arrive at the existence of this feature using only the definition of nonintegrability used here? Given a Hamiltonian, how to identify the correct observables whose uncertainty product will concentrate as the interaction strength is increased? How to extend this idea if the number of atoms is larger? References: M.V. Berry and M. Tabor, Proc. R. Soc. A 356, 375 (1977). D.Braak, Phys.Rev.Lett. 107, 100401(2011). I. I. Rabi, Phys. Rev. 49, 324 (1936); 51, 652 (1937). E. T. Jaynes and F.W. Cummings, Proc. IEEE 51, 89 (1963). C.Gerry and P.L. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2005).

Pushing the Limits :: Personal Narrative Papers

Pushing the Limits Late one Friday night in the fall of 1995, while I was hanging out with the girls, my laughter stopped short as Jenny Williams’ large grandfather clock struck one time loudly throughout the old farmhouse. Our laughter and fun came to a halt. My parents’ curfew as well as my school driver’s permit curfew had long expired. Curfew would not have been an issue that night because most fifteen-year-olds would have been at home in bed. Because of my right to drive, my pride in being one of the few freshmen with their school permit came with its own benefits as well as consequences. The privilege to drive to school and back was a privilege easily taken advantage of. One of my rule breaking attempts was driving home from Jenny’s house at 1:00 in the morning. The plan to get home quickly almost backfired and I was almost stuck in a sticky situation, literally! I raced around Jenny’s cluttered house looking for my large wood carved key chain. I knew I needed to make fast tracks before the clock hands worked their way any farther. I found my keys at last and I was racing to my car. My competition with the undefeated clock was soon to begin. I started the engine and took off with the radio blaring like a foghorn, and the accelerator floored. I was about 15 minutes northwest of my house, but I was attempting to cut those minutes in half. As I approached Wellman, I pictured the late shift policeman, Jack Wright, sitting in his car at the town park parking lot just waiting to pull over and ticket some immature teenager like me. I decided to take a short cut down a dirt road, which would allow me to cut some time and avoid any unfriendly policemen. I charged away in my lightweight, manual, gray Chevy Spectrum that I liked to call â€Å"Junior.† While speeding along to Tom Petty’s, â€Å"You Wreck Me Baby,† I had not noticed the shower of mud flying from my cardboard-looking hub capped wheels. The thought crossed my mind to turn back, but the tires had already begun to spin hopelessly like a hamster’s wheel. I realized that turning back towards a possible cop was not an option. This road was not about to let me maneuver a three-point-turn-about either.

America and Size :: History Sociology Essays

America and Size Somewhere between the struggle for American independence and the first billion sales of the Big Mac, Americans became obsessed with size. From movies to sexuality, and from cars to cholesterol, super-sizing is an American trend that invades most of society. The reasons why are threefold, but primarily the American obsession with size is an extension of the frontier-mentality. The notion of the "American dream" and the tendency of Americans to try and find the best deal has also played an integral role. One of the most interesting aspects of Bigger is Better trend is the lack of academic work related to it; while there is no shortage of analysis on other common American fixations like aliens and Madonna. A lack of academic analysis does not mean that it cannot be analyzed, and it certainly doesn't mean that it isn't prevalent. One of the most obvious examples of a preoccupation with size in America comes from the Centers for Disease Control and the Mayo Clinic. According their records, there were about 678 million outpatient, non-emergency visits to doctor's offices in 1999, and approximately 2 million of those were consultations for cosmetic surgery, the most popular of which was breast augmentation. Of the 158 million outpatient procedures, at least 2 million were cosmetic breast augmentation. When this data is cross-referenced with health insurance coverage of cosmetic surgery (which is almost non-existent), it becomes apparent that the number of outpatient visits and surgeries would be higher if they were covered by medical insurance (Outpatient Surgery Statistical Abstract 11, 15, 16, 72). The convention of breast augmentation is a directly and explicitly observable tribute to the American mentality of bigger-is-better. Another manifestation involving physical appearance involves fingernail fashions. Vicki Vantoch of the Washington Post wrote "Fingernail Fashion Choices" on December 28th, 1999. She compares many of the fingernail fashions she encountered to chopsticks, and marveled at how one of the subjects, a Rite Aid cashier, managed counting money and bagging with "2 inch talons." She concluded, "we make fingernail fashion choices based on our cultural aesthetics, values, social classes and ideas about our roles in society." (Vantoch C04). Perhaps the value she refers to is the same one that won MorePenis.com (a site devoted to products that claim to increase penis-size) millions of unique hits since it's 1999 inception (Marquee West). Just like the early Americans who explored the vast untamed wilderness of the west, modern Americans have given a whole new meaning to the Monroe Doctrine by expanding their own borders with larger breasts, longer fingernails and bigger penises.

Men and Animals Essay

What does it mean to be human? Are we animals? Or are we something different? â€Å"Animals Like Us† by Hal Herzog talks about the relationship between human and animals. The article inspired me to think about what is it that makes us human. I believe humans are similar to animals in many ways, but also unique because of the complex decisions humans could make. as discussed in Herzog’s article about the many contradicting relationships humans have with animals. Interestingly, human have a lot of similarities with animals. For example, human and animal are mammals in which both give birth instead of lay eggs like reptile. Also, we would raise our children rather than abandon and let them live on their own. Animal and human both eat vegetable and meat, meaning we have similar lifestyle; Hal Herzog mentioned that cat eat flesh for living, as humans would also eat flesh to live. However, human are also different from animals in particular that human have higher intelligence than animals. For example, human will educate the next generation not only about survival skills but also the way of life. Human brain also operate in two main parts, one is the logical part and the other one is the emotional part. Animals may also have emotional part but their logical part is not as developed as us, so human may raise moral and ethical questions. In this article, Mr. Herzog noticed that he once painted himself into a moral paradox that feeding his boa constrictors rodents are more morally preferable and permissible than feeding the bodies of the kittens to it. Ultimately, in the animal world, the more important question in their mind is whether they got sufficient quantity of food rather than what kind of meat would be permissible. After comparing the two, what does it mean to be human then? Hal Herzog gave many examples of what makes human in our relation with animals. Human have a brain, just like all the animals, but what makes us different is we are intellectually able to mak e â€Å"contradicting† judgments and thinking, and on the contrary, animals thinks in black and white. Although our more developed intelligence sometimes make our lives complicated and force us unable make decisions; however, these contradictions distinguish the level of intelligence between animals and us. Therefore, human beings are unique unlike animal because we find contradicting issues and thinking solutions to solve our problems. Our world is not only the clear black and white sides, we always see the world in shades of gray. Both author and I believe that even though there are so many similarities between us and animals, what makes us â€Å"human† is our paradoxical relationship with them, for example, we love them, but we also eat them. It is difficult to clearly delimit our relationship with animals because of the gray side between emotional and logical parts.

Conflict and Negotiation Essay

Conflict inside organization can be defined as the workplace issue that generates frequent expressions of emotion, frustration and anger. Conflict is fundamental to every functional organization. It is important to realize that conflicts are inevitable in organizational and personal life. Without conflict an organization will become stagnant, some times not productive. Conflict in the workplace is inevitable and occurs because people care about what they are doing. Conflict has good and bad consequences inside organization. Conflict make people or teams grow together, help motivate individuals to do better and work harder, satisfy needs such as dominance, aggression, esteem and ego; provide creative and innovative ideas. On the same time, conflict can slow growth, reduce productivity, waste huge amounts of time, make workplace life miserable, and affect individual and organizational performance. It is very important for the management to be able to identify conflict from the beginning because it’s easier to prevent unnecessary conflict than to manage conflict once it started. The conflict resolution requires great managerial skills. It is important for the executive to be able to reduce or eliminate unnecessary conflict and handle disagreements so they do not become ugly ongoing conflict. Management needs to be able to deal with calm once that conflict started, to remain neutral and judge objective, to apologize to the part that is affected by conflict in order to show that they care, to identify the consequences, request for specific actions that can be implemented right away.

Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law - Assignment Example Common law has fundamental roots from judicial and customs precedents and not statutes. It forms part of English law that mostly contrasts statutory law. Common law relates to English law modified and adopted differently by federal governments (Casenotes and Briefs 77). Mores describes the conventions and identifiable customs of the community. Mores relates to habits, ways of life or traditions embraced by the community. Mores defines the moral attitudes acceptable in an individual society. Stare a decisi relates to the doctrines of precedent in the creation of legal principle of determining points in a lawsuit. It defines the principles of law on which the court used to rest an erstwhile decision. Statute law, as opposed to customary or oral law, refers to written laws by legislators and legislatures. Legislators write statute laws in monarchy states. Legislative rules prescribe, declare, or commands specific requirements. Substantive Criminal law relates to written rulings that explain the duties and rights in criminal and civil law. States can enact substantive criminal law by initiative processes (Cole, Smith, and DeJong 75). It includes component items that usable to qualify and make a case as a crime. It involves breach of the constitution. They include an act involving physical action and criminal intent. Winning criminal trials involves proving that an element of necessity is absent. Bill of Attainder is a statutory act imposing punishment on an individual or a group of easily recognizable individuals. In most instances, decision on treason is executed without trial. The American constitution prohibits

The Most Important Skills and Values that Children Learn from their Essay

The Most Important Skills and Values that Children Learn from their Parents - Essay Example For many, the first word that is uttered is dada or mama, as they are easy words to enunciate as well as watch their parent’s lips that make the sounds. Learning to speak is the beginning of the lifelong learning process that children go through. Parents have the responsibility to teach their children valuable life lessons. Parents teach their children the value of making and keeping a friend. In this case, the child needs to learn how to introduce themselves, speak calmly, ask them questions and discover another person’s interests. In keeping a friend, often this will include having to say, â€Å"I’m sorry† or telling them â€Å"no† when their friend is wrong. This is extremely difficult for most children to do. Children need to be taught assertiveness over aggressiveness, so that they can communicate with others clearly and calmly. They can learn to negotiate, express themselves and learn to walk away from a bad situation if needed. It is the pare nts’ role to teach their child optimism. It is imperative that the parents teach their children how to think positive thoughts about themselves, know that they are trustworthy and dependable and have a bright future ahead of them. One thing that is difficult for children to understand is the ability to see things from another’s perspective.